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Page 3 of 23

Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate. Roland C. Anderson

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Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate. Roland C. Anderson
Roland C. Anderson, "Octopus: The Ocean's Intelligent Invertebrate"
2010 | EPUB | 4 MB

The visually arresting and often misunderstood octopus has long captured popular imagination. With an alien appearance and an uncanny intellect, this exceptional sea creature has inspired fear in famous lore and legends - from the giant octopus attack in 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea to Ursula the sea witch in The Little Mermaid. Yet its true nature is more wondrous still. After decades of research, the authors reveal a sensitive, curious, and playful animal with remarkable intelligence, an ability to defend itself with camouflage and jet propulsion, an intricate nervous system, and advanced problem-solving abilities. In this beautifully photographed book, three leading marine biologists bring readers face to face with these amazingly complex animals that have fascinated scientists for decades. From the molluscan ancestry of today's octopus to its ingenious anatomy, amazing mating and predatory behaviors, and other-worldly relatives, the authors take readers through the astounding life cycle, uncovering the details of distinctive octopus personalities. With personal narratives, underwater research, stunning closeup photography, and thoughtful guidance for keeping octopuses in captivity, Octopus is the first comprehensive natural history of this smart denizen of the sea.

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Submitted February 27, 2014
PADI The underwater communication / instructors guide 2012 [PDF]

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PADI The underwater communication / instructors guide

The underwater communication / PADI distinctive specialty course / instructors guide. By Sergio Gamberini. 2012

Спецкурс по подводной коммуникации/связи на базе полнолицевой маски Ocean Reef.

Формат pdf
Размер 940 kb

7 downloads

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Submitted January 2, 2013
PADI The underwater communication / students guide 2012 [PDF]

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PADI The underwater communication / students guide

The underwater communication / PADI distinctive specialty course / students guide. By Sergio Gamberini. 2012

Спецкурс по подводной коммуникации/связи на базе полнолицевой маски Ocean Reef.

Формат pdf
Размер 820 kb

8 downloads

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Submitted January 2, 2013
Proceedings of Rebreather Forum 2.0 / California 2006 [PDF]

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Proceedings of Rebreather Forum 2.0 / California 2006

6 downloads

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Submitted January 8, 2013
Professional Diver's Manual on Wet-Welding by D Keats

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Professional Diver's Manual on Wet-Welding by D Keats
Woodhead | 1990 | 79 pages | PDF | 4 MB

Versatility, speed and low cost make wet-stick welding an attractive method for use in underwater repair and construction. This training manual and reference book contains step-by-step procedures for performing basic manual metal arc welding operations together with information on welding equipment, consumables and safety. Exercises are included.

4 downloads

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Submitted February 27, 2014
Recreational lobstering and crabbing guide / Massachusetts Marine Fishering, 2011 [PDF]

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Recreational lobstering and crabbing guide / Massachusetts Marine Fishering / 2011

Формат pdf
Размер 1,6 mb

6 downloads

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Submitted January 1, 2013
Richard O'Barry, Keith Coulbourn, "Behind the Dolphin Smile: One Man's Campaign to Protect the World's Dolphins"

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Behind the Dolphin Smile: One Man's Campaign to Protect the World's Dolphins
Richard O'Barry, Keith Coulbourn, "Behind the Dolphin Smile: One Man's Campaign to Protect the World's Dolphins"
English | 2012 | EPUB | 285 pages | 1,5 MB

Behind the Dolphin Smile is the heart-felt true story of an animal lover who dedicated his life to studying and training dolphins, but in the process discovered that he ultimately needed to set them free. Ric O’Barry shares his journey with dolphins and other sea mammals in this captivating autobiographical look back at his years as a dolphin trainer for aquatic theme parks, movies, and television. Also included is a preface relaying a first-hand account of his adventures filming the 2010 Academy Award–winning documentary The Cove, which covertly uncovered Japan’s inhumane dolphin-hunting practices. O’Barry, a successful animal trainer who had had everything—money, flashy cars, pretty women—came to realize that dolphins were easy to train, not because of his great talent, but because they possessed great intelligence, and that keeping them in captivity was cruel and morally wrong. O’Barry now dedicates his life to stopping the exploitation of these exceptional mammals by retraining them to return to their natural habitats.

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Submitted February 27, 2014
Ronald F. Becker, "Underwater Forensic Investigation, Second Edition"

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Ronald F. Becker, "Underwater Forensic Investigation, Second Edition"
2013 | PDF | 24 MB

The evidence discovered at underwater crime scenes must be handled with the same attention to proper chain of custody procedures as with any other type of investigation. Improper handling of these scenes can lead to evidence being lost, unrecognizable, destroyed, contaminated, or rendered inadmissible at the time of trial. Updated and expanded, Underwater Forensic Investigation, Second Edition presents a comprehensive approach to the processing of an underwater crime scene and the steps necessary to conduct the operation.
The book summarizes the history, physics, and laws applicable to underwater investigations and includes topics such as team formation, roles, deployment, and accountability. Explaining procedures that can make a true difference in the final outcome of water-related incidents, the author also debunks myths associated with submerged evidence.
This second edition contains several new chapters on photography, contaminated sites, preservation of evidence, and release of the crime scene, and includes expanded information on death investigation and organizing the dive team. Nearly 100 color illustrations supplement the text.
The science of water-related investigations is still in its infancy, and hence, the field needs accurate and useful sources of education. This text will assist law enforcement professionals and those in other areas of public safety in gaining the knowledge that has historically been lacking. The incorporation of the procedures presented will enable those tasked with working these scenes to develop a greater degree of professionalism, objectivity, thoroughness, and accuracy relating to the investigation of water-related incidents—increasing the chance for successful resolution of these difficult cases.

4 downloads

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Submitted February 27, 2014
Rya Sea Survival Handbook. Keith Colwell, 2008

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Rya Sea Survival Handbook
Автор:Keith Colwell
Издательство:Royal Yachting Association
Дата издания:2008
Язык:Английский
Формат:pdf
Размер:11.50 MB

This book is ideal and essential for anyone taking to the seas, whether on a motor or sailing vessel, and gives indepth advice and information on safety at sea.
RYA Sea Survival Handbook will teach you all you need to know about preparing to go to sea, emergency procedures, safety equipment, life-saving signals, handling heavy weather and choosing the most suitable life jacket or buoyancy aid.

11 downloads

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Submitted March 2, 2014
Scuba Diving, 5th Edition, Dennis Graver | 2016

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Scuba Diving, 5th Edition
Название: Scuba Diving, 5th Edition
Автор: Dennis Graver
Страниц: 256
Формат: PDF
Размер: 102.7 mb
Качество: Отличное
Язык: Английский
Год издания: 2016
Подводное плавание, пятое издание, является самым современным ресурсом для безопасных, приносящих удовольствие погружений. В комплекте с полноцветными фотографиями и подробными инструкциями по подводному плаванию, эта книга является идеальным справочником для дайверов, инструкторов по дайвингу и студентов.
Опытный инструктор Деннис Гравер делится последними исследованиями, научными данными и рекомендациями, а также почти 40-летним опытом дайвинга. Он объясняет сложные темы, такие как газовые законы физики и физиология дайвинга. Scuba Diving, Fifth Edition, is the most up-to-date resource for experiencing secure, satisfying dives. Packed with full-color photographs and detailed diving instruction, this is the ideal companion for recreational divers, diving instructors, and students.
Veteran instructor Dennis Graver shares the latest research, science, and recommendations as well as nearly 40 years of diving experience. He demystifies complex topics such as gas laws and the physics and physiology of scuba.

7 downloads

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Submitted December 9, 2017
Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues [PDF]

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Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues

"Seas and Waterways of the World: An Encyclopedia of History, Uses, and Issues" ed. by John Zumerchik and Steven L. Danver
Two Volumes in One
ABC-CLIO | 2010 | PDF | 11 MB

This book offers a comprehensive introduction to humanity's historical reliance on the world's seas and waterways and how that reliance continues to evolve. This extraordinary resource describes the world's major nautical features, the wide variety of uses for those waterways, and a number of essential issues arising from water-borne commerce.

The encyclopedia marks the emergence of the aquarium, cruise, energy, fishing, insurance, mining, trade, transportation, recreation, and sport industries, and includes entries on harbors, ports, and coastal development that play a part in the economics of commercial water use. Also included is coverage of a number of significant themes such as the rise and fall of the Erie Canal as the gateway to the Midwest, and the declining popularity of the Panama Canal.

Contents
Introduction
The Editors and Contributors
VOLUME 1
I. History of the World's Seas and Waterways
II. Uses of the World's Seas and Waterways
VOLUME 2
III. Issues Pertaining to the World's Seas and Waterways
Chronology
Glossary
Index

5 downloads

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Submitted January 1, 2013
Sharkpedia, 2nd Edition - DK | 2017

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Название: Sharkpedia, 2nd Edition - DK
Автор: Коллектив
Формат: PDF
Размер: 50 МВ
Качество: Отличное
Язык: Английский
Год издания: 2017
A visual and comprehensive research manual and guide that will take kids from tropical paradise to the cold, dark depths, in search of the wildest, weirdest, and most wonderful sharks in the ocean, now refreshed with a new look.
Kids can go on an around-the-world adventure to track the sea's most extraordinary predators with Sharkpedia, 2nd Edition. From the huge and harmless whale shark to the puny pygmy shark, these fascinating fish come in many shapes and sizes, and this guide will take kids from tropical paradise to the cold, dark depths of the ocean.
Who gulps up tiny plankton? Who snatches unsuspecting seals mid-swim? Kids can see for themselves from the portholes of our trusty vessel or, if they dare, from behind the bars of a shark cage. So grab your scuba gear and get on the boat—we've got sharks to find with Sharkpedia, 2nd Edition.

1 download

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Submitted April 29, 2020
Sharm-el-Sheikh - Diving Guide (English Edition) / Шарм-эль-шейх - Дайв гид (Английская редакция) Год выпуска: 1997

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Sharm-el-Sheikh - Diving Guide (English Edition) / Шарм-эль-шейх - Дайв гид (Английская редакция)Год выпуска: 1997
Язык: Русский
Автор: Alberto Siliotti
Издательство: Geodia s.n.c. (Italy), Elias Modern Publishing House (Egypt)
Страниц: 145
Формат файла: PDF
Размер файла: 24.5 Мб

Описание: Сборник подводных карт и описаний мест погружений в Шарм-ель-Шейхе, Египет.

ВНИМАНИЕ! НЕ пытайтесь обучаться самостоятельно подводному плаванию с аквалангом, используя этот мануал. Занятия дайвингом без контроля профессионального инструктора могут привести к травмам и смерти.

Оглавление:

How to Use This Guide 4

Introduction 5

The Red Sea 7

Physical Features 8

The Climate 9

The Winds 9

Currents and Tides 10

The Coral Reef 13

Marine Fauna 19

Ras Mohammed Park 25

Scuba Diving in Sinai 27

Strait of Tiran 28

Jackson Reef 31

Kormoran 34

Laguna Reef 37

Woodhouse Reef 40

Thomas Reef 43

Gordon Reef 46

Local Dives 49

Ras Ghamila 52

Ras Nasrani 55

Ras Bob 58

White Knight 61

Shark Bay 64

Far Garden 67

Middle Garden 70

Near Garden 73

Sodfa 76

Tower 79

Pinky Wall 82

Amphoras 85

Turtle Bay 88

Paradise 91

Ras Umm Sid 94

Temple 97

Ras Katy 100

Ras Mohammed 103

Ras Za’atar 106

Jackfish Alley 109

Eel Garden 112

Shark Observatory 115

Shark Reef & Yolanda Reef 118

Stretto di Gubal 124

Alternatives 127

D unraven 130

Small Crack 133

Thistlegorm 136

Diving Centers in Sharm el-Sheikh 142

23 downloads

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Submitted July 15, 2012
Shipwrecks of Scapa Flow / Peter Collings (англ.яз) [PDF]

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Shipwrecks of Scapa Flow / Peter Collings (англ.яз)

Формат pdf
Размер 1,3 mb

5 downloads

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Submitted January 1, 2013
Shipwrecks of the ABC and Spice islands / dive guide (англ.яз) [PDF]

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Shipwrecks of the ABC and Spice islands / dive guide (англ.яз)

Shipwrecks of the ABC (Arua, Bonaire, Curacao) and Spice islands / dive guide

Формат pdf
Размер 4,3 mb

4 downloads

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Submitted January 1, 2013
Technique de combat au corps-a-corps, tom 2 / R.Carter (рукопашный бой под водой), 1994 [PDF]

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Technique de combat au corps-a-corps, tom 2 / R.Carter (рукопашный бой под водой)
Техника рукопашного боя GIGN (спецназа французской жандармерии). Technique de combat au corps-a-corps, tom 2 / R.Carter, 1994
со стр 156 и до конца - подробное руководство Le combat aquatique.
Формат PDF
Размер 38 MB

28 downloads

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Submitted January 7, 2013
The Beginner's Guide to Underwater Digital Photography, Larry Gates [PDF]

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Автор:Larry Gates
Название: The Beginner's Guide to Underwater Digital Photography
Издательство: Amherst Media, Inc
Год: 2010
Страниц:129
Язык: английский
Формат: PDF
Размер: 11,9 МБ
Simplifying the seemingly difficult and expensive art of underwater photography, this accessible investigation outlines the four elements of success: focus, exposure, composition, and subject. Beginning with an overview of necessary diving skills, this survey reviews these four categories in detail, depicting how to obtain superior results even without the latest and greatest equipment. Maintenance and first-aid tactics are presented as well, reducing the chance of disappointing malfunctions during a dive. Also covered is the importance of developing a photography plan beforehand—both for the safety of the divers and the protection of the underwater environment. Concluding with post-shoot techniques for choosing the best frames, cropping photos for printing, and the top methods of presentation, this examination demonstrates how underwater images can be used to share the world of diving while promoting important conservation efforts.

4 downloads

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Updated December 25, 2012
The Continental Shelf (Life in the Sea), Pam Walker, Elaine Wood, 2005 [PDF]

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The Continental Shelf (Life in the Sea)
Pam Walker, Elaine Wood, "The Continental Shelf (Life in the Sea)"
Facts on File | 2005 | PDF | 1,2 MB
It is only natural for people to be fascinated by the sea. Life originated in the oceans, and more than one-half of the people on Earth reside within 50 miles of the sea. However, even though we have sent explorers to the moon and other regions of space, we still know little about the frontier that surrounds us. The engaging new "Life in the Sea" set provides young readers with current, accessible information about the sea and its creatures. This comprehensive resource on the ocean's inhabitants presents living things in their physical habitats, emphasizing the relationship between marine biology and marine ecology. Each volume focuses on one specific area of the marine world, discussing its physical characteristics, the living things found there, and the impact humans have on the area. The perfect companion to "Facts On File's Life On Earth" set (see facing page), this invaluable reference presents a well-rounded view of marine life.

The Continental Shelf is a fascinating examination of the physical features and biology of the marine environments that surround each of the world's landmasses
This straightforward title provides young readers with accessible information about exciting discoveries and developments essential to understanding the continental shelf, as well as raises awareness about the relationship between people and the sea.
Coverage includes:
•Characteristics of the seafloor
•Fish
•Food chains
•The human impact on the continental shelf
•Microbes and plants
•Mollusks, crustaceans, tunicates, and echinoderms
•Reptiles, birds, mammals
•Sponges, jellyfish, and worms.

3 downloads

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Submitted January 7, 2013
The Coral Reef (Life in the Sea), Pam Walker, Elaine Wood, 2005 [PDF]

By admin

The Coral Reef (Life in the Sea)
Pam Walker, Elaine Wood, "The Coral Reef (Life in the Sea)"
Facts on File | 2005 | PDF | 1,3 MB
It is only natural for people to be fascinated by the sea. Life originated in the oceans, and more than one-half of the people on Earth reside within 50 miles of the sea. However, even though we have sent explorers to the moon and other regions of space, we still know little about the frontier that surrounds us. The engaging new "Life in the Sea" set provides young readers with current, accessible information about the sea and its creatures. This comprehensive resource on the ocean's inhabitants presents living things in their physical habitats, emphasizing the relationship between marine biology and marine ecology. Each volume focuses on one specific area of the marine world, discussing its physical characteristics, the living things found there, and the impact humans have on the area. The perfect companion to "Facts On File's Life On Earth" set (see facing page), this invaluable reference presents a well-rounded view of marine life.
The Coral Reef is a fascinating examination of the physical features and biology of the specific communities of life that exist in the midst of relatively unproductive stretches of the ocean.
This straightforward title provides young readers with accessible information about exciting discoveries and developments essential to understanding the coral reef, as well as raises awareness about the relationship between people and the sea.
Coverage includes:
•Fish
•Food chains
•The history of reef structures
•The human impact on coral reefs
•Microbes and plants
•Reptiles, birds, and mammals
•Simple and complex reef invertebrates
•Types of coral reefs.

4 downloads

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Submitted January 7, 2013
The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage by James Bowen, Margarita Bowen

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The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage
"The Great Barrier Reef: History, Science, Heritage" by James Bowen, Margarita Bowen
CamUniPress | 2003 | 490 pages | PDF | 8 MB
This book provides for the first time a comprehensive cultural and ecological history of European impact, from early voyages of discovery to the most recent developments in Reef science and management.
One of the world's natural wonders, the Great Barrier Reef stretches more than 2000 kilometres in a maze of coral reefs along Australia's north-eastern coastline. Until now, no biographer has brought the fascinating story behind its mystique into public view.
CONTENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
PREFACE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
INTRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW
PART ONE. NAVIGATORS AND NATURALISTS IN THE AGE OF SAIL
50 CHAPTER 1 QUEST FOR THE GREAT SOUTH LAND
50 CHAPTER 2 VOYAGE OF THE ENDEAVOUR: COOK AND THE ‘LABYRINTH’
50 CHAPTER 3 ENDEAVOUR NATURALISTS: ‘A SEPARATE CREATION'
50 CHAPTER 4 MATTHEW FLINDERS: VOYAGE OF THE INVESTIGATOR
50 CHAPTER 5 THE REEF EXPLORED: EARLY SURVEYS, 1821-1844
50 CHAPTER 6 EARLY REEF CHARTS COMPLETED: 1846-1862
50 CHAPTER 7 THE REEF AS A MARITIME HIGHWAY: COLONY OF QUEENSLAND, 1859-1900
50 CHAPTER 8 FROM NATURAL HISTORY TO SCIENCE, 1850-1900: VOYAGES OF THE CHALLENGER AND THE CHEVERT
50 CHAPTER 9 EXPLOITATION AND RESOURCE RAIDING: 1860-1890
50 CHAPTER 10 FOR MAXIMUM YIELD: REEF BIOLOGY
PART TWO. ANEW ERA IN REEF AWARENESS: FROM EARLY SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION TO CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE
50 CHAPTER 11 ORIGIN AND STRUCTURE OF CORAL REEFS: FROM FORSTER TO DARWIN
50 CHAPTER 12 DARWIN'S LEGACY: CORAL REEF CONTROVERSY 1863-1923
50 CHAPTER 13 EXPLOITATION CHALLENGED: RISE OF ECOLOGY
50 CHAPTER 14 REEF RESEARCH AND CONTROVERSY: 1920-1930
50 CHAPTER 15 THE LOW ISLES EXPEDITION. 1928-1929: PLANNING AND PREPARATION
50 CHAPTER 16 BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF THE LOW ISLES EXPEDITION
50 CHAPTER 17 FROM DEPRESSION TO WAR: TOURISM, CONSERVATION AND SCIENCE, 1929-1939
50 CHAPTER 18 THE PACIFIC WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH
50 CHAPTER 19 ANEW PROBLEM: THE CONSERVATION CONTROVERSY, 1958-1972
50 CHAPTER 20 CRISIS RESOLUTION: FORMATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
50 CHAPTER 21 ANEW ERA: RESEARCH BASED MANAGEMENT
50 CHAPTER 22 THE REEF UNDER PRESSURE: RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT
50 CHAPTER 23 THE REEF AS HERITAGE: A CHALLENGE FOR THE FUTURE
REFERENCES
INDEX

2 downloads

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Updated March 1, 2014
The medical examination of divers / A guide for physicians / 2005 [PDF]

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The medical examination of divers / A guide for physicians / 2005

10 downloads

0 comments

Submitted December 23, 2012
The Underwater Photographer, 4th Edition | Martin Edge | 2010

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Название: The Underwater Photographer, 4th Edition
Автор: Martin Edge
Страниц: 516
Формат: EPUB
Размер: 59,0 МБ
Качество: Отличное
Язык: Английский
Год издания: 2010
The award-winning third edition of 'The Underwater Photographer' dragged the topic kicking and screaming in to the digital age and with the fully updated fourth edition highly respected photographer and tutor Martin Edge takes you deeper in to the world of Underwater Photography.Practical examples take you step-by-step through the basic techniques from photographing shipwrecks, divers, marine life and abstract images to taking photographs at night. Brand new chapters cover not only highly specialist Underwater Photography techniques such as low visibility/greenwater photography, but also the digital workflow needed to handle your images using the latest software such as Lightroom.
Packed with breathtaking images and an easy to read style honed from over twenty years of diving photography courses, this book is sure to both educate and inspire underwater photographers of all skill levels.

7 downloads

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Submitted November 10, 2019
The Underwater Photographer, Martin Edge

By admin

The Underwater Photographer, 4th Edition. Martin Edge

Martin Edge, "The Underwater Photographer, Fourth Edition"
English | 2010 | PDF | 536 pages | 74,9 mb

The award-winning third edition of 'The Underwater Photographer' dragged the topic kicking and screaming in to the digital age and with the fully updated fourth edition highly respected photographer and tutor Martin Edge takes you deeper in to the world of Underwater Photography.

Practical examples take you step-by-step through the basic techniques from photographing shipwrecks, divers, marine life and abstract images to taking photographs at night. Brand new chapters cover not only highly specialist Underwater Photography techniques such as low visibility/greenwater photography, but also the digital workflow needed to handle your images using the latest software such as Lightroom.

Packed with breathtaking images and an easy to read style honed from over twenty years of diving photography courses, this book is sure to both educate and inspire underwater photographers of all skill levels.

9 downloads

0 comments

Updated January 3, 2013
U.S. Navy Diving Manual, PDF

By Slava B. Morgan

Инструкция для водолазов ВМФ США

54 downloads

0 comments

Updated October 24, 2010
Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология Amanda Bowens [PDF]

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Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология Amanda Bowens

Название: Underwater Archaeology / Подводная археология
Автор: Amanda Bowens
Издательство: Blackwell Publishing
Год: 2009
Формат: PDF
Язык: English
Размер: 13,26 мб

Рассматриваются все тонкости подводных исследований. Книга содержит обширную информацию и практические рекомендации, как принять участие а экспедиции, основные принципы, основные методы и подходы, планирования и осуществления проектов, представление и издание, Эта книга будет полезна для всех, заинтересованных в морской археологии. Полностью иллюстрирована более чем 100 рисунков, включает в себя дополнительные главы по геофизике, исторические исследования, фотографии и видео, мониторинг и техническое обслуживание и консервацию.

Underwater Archaeology: The NAS Guide to Principles and Practice provides a comprehensive summary of the archaeological process as applied in an underwater context. Containing extensive practical advice and information, including how to get involved, basic principles, essential techniques and approaches, project planning and execution, publishing and presenting, this book is essential reading for anyone with an interest in nautical archaeology. Fully illustrated with over 100 drawings and new colour graphics, this second edition includes additional chapters on geophysics, historical research, photography and video, monitoring and maintenance and conservation.
With Underwater Archaeology the Nautical Archaeology Society reveals the real underwater treasure - a rich cultural heritage that has helped shape the world in which we live. By outlining the principles and practices, this book will enable the reader to make informed and responsible decisions about how to get the most from their involvement with underwater archaeology.

CONTENTS
List of Figures viii
List of Plates xi
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 The NAS Handbook – Why It Was
Written 1
2 Underwater Archaeology 2
What Is Archaeology? 2
What Is Archaeology Under Water? 5
What Is Not Archaeology Under Water? 6
Closely Related and Complementary
Approaches (Ethnography and
Experimental Archaeology) 8
Further Information 10
3 Getting Involved in Underwater and
Foreshore Archaeology 11
Further Information 13
4 Basic Principles – Making the Most
of the Clues 15
The Importance of Underwater Sites 15
Site Types 17
The Range of Evidence on an
Archaeological Site 19
Links Between Categories of Evidence 22
Using the Evidence 22
Dating 24
Environment and Site-Formation
Processes 28
The Deterioration of Wood 30
Culture and Site-Formation Processes 31
Further Information 33
5 Project Planning 34
The Project Design 34
Further Information 37
6 Safety on Archaeological Sites Under
Water and on the Foreshore 38
Risk Assessments 38
Diving Project Plan 39
Codes of Practice 39
Control of Diving Operations 40
Working Under Water 40
Potential Diving Problems and Solutions 40
Safety During Excavation 42
Inter-Tidal Site Safety 43
Further Information 44
7 International and National Laws Relating
to Archaeology Under Water 45
Jurisdiction – Where Do the Laws
Apply? 45
The Regime in International Waters 46
International Salvage Law 47
Underwater Cultural Heritage and
Salvage Law 47
Ownership of Underwater
Cultural Heritage 48
Abandonment of Ownership 48
National Legislation 48
International Conventions 49
Case Studies 50
Further Information 52
8 Archaeological Recording 53
The Need for Recording 53
Recording Systems 54
Planning the Recording: What to Record 54
Contents
vi CONTENTS
Recording Information On Site 54
Recording Timbers 57
Recording Contexts 58
Recording Stratigraphy 58
Recording Environmental Evidence 60
Recording Samples 60
Recording Survey Results 60
Recording Plans and Sections 60
Recording Photographic Results 60
Conservation Records 61
Identifying Archaeological Material 61
Tags and Labelling 62
Storing the Information 62
Computing Options and Issues 63
Geographical Information Systems 63
Explaining, Documenting, and
Supervising the System 63
Further Information 64
9 Historical Research 65
Types of Evidence 66
Locating Primary Sources 66
The Internet 68
Methods of Research 69
Further Information 70
10 Photography 71
Photographic Theory 72
Digital Photography 73
Surface Photography 74
Photographing Finds 74
Underwater Photography 75
Underwater Photographic Techniques 76
Digital Darkroom 77
Mosaics – Photo or Video 78
Video Cameras 79
Video Technique 80
Video Editing 81
Further Information 82
11 Position-Fixing 83
Geographical Coordinates 84
Accuracy 86
Methods of Position-Fixing 87
Equipment 94
Further Information 95
12 Underwater Search Methods 96
Positioning 96
Coverage 96
Safety 96
Diver Search Methods 97
13 Geophysical and Remote-Sensing
Surveys 103
Search Patterns, Navigation and
Positioning 103
Acoustic Systems 104
Bathymetric Survey 104
Echo-Sounders 105
Multibeam Swath Systems 105
Bottom-Classification Systems 106
Sidescan Sonar 107
Sub-Bottom Profiling 108
Magnetometry 111
Integrated Surveys 112
Submersibles: ROVs and AUVs 112
Aerial Photography 113
Further Information 113
14 Underwater Survey 114
Types of Survey 114
An Initial Sketch 116
Planning 117
Setting Up a Baseline/Control Points 118
Installing Survey Points 119
The Principles of Survey 120
Survey Using Tape-Measures, Grids and
Drafting Film 123
Vertical Control (Height/Depth) 124
Drawing/Planning Frames 125
Grid-Frames 126
Processing Measurements and Drawing
up the Site-Plan 127
Three-Dimensional Computer-Based
Survey 127
Acoustic Positioning Systems 132
Positioning the Site in the Real World 133
Further Information 134
15 Destructive Investigative Techniques 135
Probing 135
Sampling 136
Excavation 141
Further Information 147
16 Archaeological Conservation and
First-Aid for Finds 148
Underwater Burial Environments 149
Materials Degradation and Post-
Excavation Deterioration 150
Principal Risks to Finds During and
After Recovery 152
Principles and Procedures for First-Aid
for Underwater Finds 152
CONTENTS vii
Lifting, Handling and Transportation 154
Approaches to Packing and Storage 156
Sampling and Analysis 157
Initial Cleaning 157
Holding and Pre-Conservation
Treatment Solutions 157
Record-Keeping 158
X-Radiography and Facilities 159
Health and Safety 159
Insurance 159
Checklists 159
Further Information 162
17 Site Monitoring and Protection 163
Monitoring 163
Protection 167
Further Information 169
18 Archaeological Illustration 170
Basic Drawing Equipment 170
Drawing Archaeological Material 171
Recording ‘By Eye’ 175
Recording Decoration and
Surface Detail 176
Recording Constructional and
Other Detail 177
Post-Fieldwork Photography and
Laser Scanning 178
Presenting a Range of Complex
Information 178
Further Information 180
19 Post-Fieldwork Analysis and Archiving 181
Handling Material and Keeping
Records 182
Post-Fieldwork Treatment of
Survey Work 182
Specialist Analysis 185
Interpretation and Gathering Supporting
Evidence From Other Sources 186
Producing an Archaeological Archive 186
Further Information 188
20 Presenting, Publicizing and Publishing
Archaeological Work 189
The Importance of Publicizing (Where
and When) 189
Identifying and Satisfying an Audience 190
Methods of Presentation 191
Writing Reports and Publications 194
A Significant Achievement and
Contribution 196
Further Information 197
Appendix 1: Anchor Recording 198
Stone Anchors 198
Stock Anchors 199
Further Information 200
Appendix 2: Guns 201
The Importance of Sea-Bed Recording 201
Identification of Material 202
Classification by Methods of Loading 204
Classification by Shape 204
Inscriptions and Decoration 206
Projectiles, Charges and Tampions 208
Recording and Illustrating Guns 209
Further Information 212
Appendix 3: NAS Training Programme 213
An Introduction to Foreshore and
Underwater Archaeology 213
NAS Part I: Certificate in Foreshore and
Underwater Archaeology 214
NAS Part II: Intermediate Certificate in
Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology 214
NAS Part III: Advanced Certificate in
Foreshore and Underwater Archaeology 214
NAS Part IV: Diploma in Foreshore and
Underwater Archaeology 215
Further Information 215
Glossary 216
References and Further Reading 219
Index 223

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Submitted December 27, 2012